Clinicians should be on the look out for patients that are at higher risk to become chronically disabled. It has been recommended that aggressive efforts should be made with this population to prevent chronic disability.
- Multiple previous musculoskeletal complaints
- Psychiatric history
- Alcohol, drugs, cigarettes
Pain Experience
- Rate pain as severe
- Maladaptive pain beliefs ("Pain will not get better, surgery is the only cure")
- Legal issues or compensation
- Rate job as physically demanding
- Believe they will not be working in 6 months
- Don’t get along with supervisors or coworkers
- Near to retirement
- Family history of depression
- Enabling spouse
- Are unmarried or have been married multiple times
- Low socioeconomic status
- Troubled childhood (abuse, parental death, alcohol, difficult divorce)